Belgium's defence minister has issued a stark warning that Europe faces a dark winter due to escalating hybrid warfare from Russia. In a speech at the Euronews Defence and Space Summit, Theo Francken said there will be more hybrid threat actions in the coming months, urging Europe to scale up its defences rapidly. The warning comes as Russia launched massive attacks on Ukraine's energy infrastructure, the first such combined assault since the end of the last heating season.
Understanding the Hybrid Warfare Threat
Hybrid warfare refers to the use of unconventional methods such as cyberattacks, disinformation, and proxy forces to destabilize a target country without direct military confrontation. According to Francken, Russia has been engaged in hybrid warfare for much longer than just two or three years and has developed significant expertise in this area. This makes it difficult for Western countries to investigate and attribute responsibility. "It will be a dark winter for Europe," Francken warned, highlighting the urgency of the situation.
Russia's Increased Use of Jet-Powered Drones
One particular concern raised by Francken is Russia's increased use of jet-powered drones. These drones are faster and more capable than traditional propeller-driven models, posing a significant challenge to existing air defence systems. "We need to scale up our air defences and we need to have more stocks, scale up production. Everything has to go faster," he said. This call to action underscores the need for Europe to invest in advanced technologies and increase its military readiness.
Europe's Defence Spending: A Shift in Priority
Francken acknowledged that Belgium used to be "the worst pupil in class" two years ago with low defence spending, but it has since improved and ramped up its planning. He noted that Europe had become too accustomed to its comfortable welfare state protections at the cost of adequate spending on defence. This is now changing, as the threat from Russia becomes more apparent. The table below compares defence spending as a percentage of GDP for selected European countries in 2022 and 2024, illustrating the upward trend.
| Country | Defence Spending (% GDP) 2022 | Defence Spending (% GDP) 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| Belgium | 1.1% | 1.5% |
| Germany | 1.4% | 2.0% |
| France | 1.9% | 2.1% |
| Poland | 2.4% | 3.9% |
Key Takeaways for Europe's Security
- Hybrid warfare is a long-term strategy employed by Russia, requiring a coordinated response from European nations.
- Europe must scale up air defences and production to counter new threats like jet-powered drones.
- Defence spending is increasing across Europe, but more needs to be done to ensure collective security.
- The upcoming winter may see heightened hybrid threat actions, making vigilance essential.
FAQ
What is hybrid warfare?
Hybrid warfare is a military strategy that blends conventional warfare, irregular warfare, and cyberwarfare. It often involves disinformation, sabotage, and proxy forces to destabilize a target country without direct military confrontation.

Why is Belgium's defence minister warning of a dark winter?
Theo Francken warns of a dark winter because Russia is expected to increase hybrid threat actions, including cyberattacks and energy infrastructure strikes, which could disrupt European stability during the colder months.
What are jet-powered drones and why are they a concern?
Jet-powered drones are unmanned aerial vehicles powered by jet engines, making them faster and more maneuverable than propeller-driven drones. They are a concern because they can evade traditional air defences, requiring upgraded systems to counter them.
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