Indonesia Fire Haze: Devastating Toll on Millions Exposed 2026

Indonesia's fire haze affects millions annually, as illegal slash-and-burn practices ravage Borneo and Sumatra, sending toxic smoke across borders. This visual guide explores the physical toll, economic costs, and potential solutions to this recurring crisis.

For months, parts of Indonesia's Borneo and Sumatra islands have been ablaze. The fires are sometimes lit illegally as a cheap way to clear land for plantations of oil palm, of which Indonesia is the world's largest producer. So prevalent is the technique that it even has a special term: slash and burn. Many of the fires begin as small-scale blazes. But in hot, dry conditions, they can easily spiral out of control, sending toxic smoke across borders and affecting the air quality of millions in Indonesia and beyond. This year a "super" El Niño could inflame the problem.

David Gaveau, a landscape ecologist who runs Nusantara Atlas, which tracks fires and deforestation in Asia, says the worst fires occur on drained and dried out peatland. This type of fire is extremely difficult to extinguish, and can burn for weeks underground. "They go underground, they resurface somewhere else. And then the more water you give it, the more smoke there is," he says. "These fires are really the legacy of 50 years of forest degradation, deforestation, and particularly on peatland." If there was an "apex predator" among fires, tropical peatland fires would be a top contender, says Nasa.

Health Impacts of Indonesia's Fire Haze

Vulnerable Populations at Risk

Economic Consequences of Slash-and-Burn

Solutions and Government Responses

• Peatland rewetting: Restoring water levels to prevent underground fires.
• Law enforcement: Prosecuting illegal slash-and-burn activities.
• Sustainable palm oil: Promoting certified supply chains.
• International cooperation: Cross-border haze agreements.
• Public awareness: Educating communities on health risks.

FAQ

What causes Indonesia's fire haze?

Indonesia's fire haze is primarily caused by illegal slash-and-burn practices used to clear land for palm oil plantations. These fires often spread to carbon-rich peatlands, which burn underground and produce massive amounts of toxic smoke.

How does the haze affect health?

The haze contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5) that can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing respiratory infections, asthma, and heart problems. Long-term exposure can lead to chronic diseases and premature death.

What can be done to stop the fires?

Solutions include rewetting peatlands, enforcing laws against illegal burning, promoting sustainable palm oil, and international cooperation. Consumer pressure can also encourage companies to adopt no-burn policies.

Indonesia's fire haze is a complex problem with far-reaching consequences. By understanding the causes and impacts, and supporting sustainable practices, we can help mitigate the physical toll on millions.

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