US Union Membership Gains in 2025 Driven by State Protections 2026

US union membership saw its largest increase since 2008 in 2025, adding 411,000 members, according to a new report. The surge was driven primarily by states with collective bargaining protections, highlighting the critical role of labor laws in shaping union growth.

Union Membership Gains Concentrated in Protected States

The report from the Illinois Economic Policy Institute (ILEPI) and the Project for Middle Class Renewal at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign reveals a stark divide. States with collective bargaining protections saw an increase of nearly 305,000 union members, while “right-to-work” states added only about 107,000. This disparity underscores how state-level policies directly influence union vitality.

Currently, states with protections have over 10.9 million union members out of 76.9 million workers, compared to just 3.7 million members out of 69.7 million workers in “right-to-work” states. The membership rate in protected states is nearly triple that of states with restrictive laws.

What Are “Right-to-Work” Laws?

“Right-to-work” laws allow workers to benefit from collectively bargained contracts without paying union dues, a practice often called “free riding.” These laws were championed in the 1940s and 1950s by conservative activist Vance Muse, who promoted them in southern states with arguments tied to preserving Jim Crow-era segregation. Today, 26 states have adopted such laws, which weaken union financial resources and bargaining power.

The data consistently shows that workers earn higher wages when they are in unionized environments, and the presence of collective bargaining protections is a key factor in sustaining union density.

Impact of Union Growth on Workers and Economy

Union membership gains translate into tangible benefits for workers, including higher wages, better benefits, and improved workplace safety. According to the report, unionized workers earn on average 10-15% more than their non-union counterparts. This wage premium is even larger for workers of color and those in lower-paying occupations.

Moreover, unions reduce income inequality by lifting the floor for all workers in a region, as non-union employers often match union standards to attract talent. The 2025 increase marks a reversal of a long-term decline, offering hope for a revitalized labor movement.

State-by-State Breakdown

The report highlights that gains were not uniform across the country. States like California, New York, and Illinois—all with strong collective bargaining protections—saw significant membership increases. In contrast, states like Texas and Florida, which have “right-to-work” laws, experienced minimal growth or even declines.

Key Takeaways from the 2025 Union Report

• US union membership increased by 411,000 in 2025, the largest jump since 2008.
• States with collective bargaining protections accounted for 74% of the gains.
• Membership rates in protected states are nearly triple those in “right-to-work” states.
• “Right-to-work” laws enable free riding, reducing union resources and influence.
• Union members enjoy higher wages and better benefits, benefiting the broader economy.

Why This Matters for Workers and Policymakers

The findings provide compelling evidence that labor-friendly policies foster union growth. For workers in “right-to-work” states, the report suggests that advocating for collective bargaining protections could be a pathway to higher wages and improved working conditions.

Policymakers may use this data to revisit labor laws, especially as public support for unions remains near historic highs. The 2025 surge demonstrates that when given a fair environment, workers are eager to organize.

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